Optimal Meter Placement by Reconciliation Conventional Measurements and Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)

The success of state estimation depends on the number, type and location of the established meters and RTUs on the system. A new method by incorporating conventional measurements and New Technology of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) is proposed. Conventional meters (power injection and power flow measurements) are allocated in order to reduce the number of meters, RTUs, critical measurements, critical sets and leverage points, and also to improve the numerical stability of equations; a genetic algorithm is used for optimization. A second step involves adding PMUs in areas in which it is expected that the accuracy of state estimation will be improved

Comparative Studies of Different Control Strategies of a Dynamic Voltage Restorer Based on Matrix Converter

A dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) with no energy storage is studied. By using a matrix converter instead of the conventional AC/DC/AC converters, elimination of the DC-link capacitor is possible. The switching algorithm of matrix converter is the space vector modulation. There are different compensation algorithms to control the conventional DVR. These methods have been analyzed in this paper for the proposed matrix-converter-based DVR. A deep analysis through different diagrams would show the advantages or disadvantages of each compensation method. Equations for all methods are derived, and the characteristics of algorithms are compared with each other

Relationship between bridging and dimensions of sella turcica with classification of craniofacial skeleton

Purpose: In orthodontics, it is essential to determine the craniofacial skeleton pattern (class I, II, III) for planning treatment. Sella turcica bridging that is seen on lateral cephalometric radiographs is considered as a normal finding. This study aimed to compare sella turcica bridging and its dimensions in patients with various craniofacial patterns. Material and methods: A total of 105 lateral cephalometric radiographs (53 men and 52 women), aged 14-26 years, were randomly and equally assigned to three groups of class I, II, and III, respectively. The length, diameter, and depth of the sella turcica as well as sella turcica bridging were determined on radiographs. The chi-squared test was used for assessing the relationship between sella turcica bridging and craniofacial skeleton classification. ANOVA was used for assessing the relationship between the dimensions of the sella turcica and craniofacial skeleton classification. The Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for assessing the relationship between age and the dimensions of the sella turcica. Results: The sella turcica had a normal shape in 64.76% of patients, whereas 35.33% of patients had sella turcica bridging. In total, 11.42% of patients belonged to class I, 34.28% to class II, and 66.62% to class III. The diameter of the sella turcica had a significant relationship with age; the diameter of the sella turcica increased with age (p < 0.001). Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between craniofacial skeleton patterns and sella turcica bridging, i.e., the incidence of sella turcica bridging is higher in class III patients. The sella turcica had a greater diameter in older patients

Comparison of VSC and Z-source converter: power system application approach

Application of equipment with power electronic converter interface such as distributed generation, FACTS and HVDC, is growing up intensively. On the other hand, various types of topologies have been proposed and each of them has some advantages. Therefore, appropriateness of each converter regarding to the application is a main question for designers and engineers. In this paper, a part of this challenge is responded by comparing a typical Voltage-Source Converter (VSC) and Z-Source Converter (ZSC), through high power electronic-based equipment used in power systems. Dynamic response, stability margin, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of grid current and fault tolerant are considered as assessment criteria. In order to meet this evaluation, dynamic models of two converters are presented, a proper control system is designed, a small signal stability method is applied and responses of converters to small and large perturbations are obtained and analysed by PSCAD/EMTDC

Triangular and trapezoidal fuzzy state estimation with uncertainty on measurements

In this paper, a new method for uncertainty analysis in fuzzy state estimation is proposed. The uncertainty is expressed in measurements. Uncertainties in measurements are modelled with different fuzzy membership functions (triangular and trapezoidal). To find the fuzzy distribution of any state variable, the problem is formulated as a constrained linear programming (LP) optimization. The viability of the proposed method would be verified with the ones obtained from the weighted least squares (WLS) and the fuzzy state estimation (FSE) in the 6-bus system and in the IEEE-14 and 30 bus system

Expressive Animated Character Sequences Using Knowledge-Based Painterly Rendering

We propose a technique to enhance emotionalexpressiveness in games and animations. Artists have usedcolors and painting techniques to convey emotions in theirpaintings for many years. Moreover, researchers have foundthat colors and line properties affect users\u27 emotions. Wepropose using painterly rendering for character sequencesin games and animations with a knowledge-based approach. This technique is especially useful for parametric facial sequences. We introduce two parametric authoring tools foranimation and painterly rendering and a method to integrate them into a knowledge-based painterly rendering system. Furthermore, we present the results of a preliminarystudy on using this technique for facial expressions in stillimages. The results of the study show the effect of different color palettes on the intensity perceived for an emotionby users. The proposed technique can provide the animatorwith a depiction tool to enhance the emotional content of acharacter sequence in games and animations

Prirodna mješovita zaraza uzrokovana virusom influence ptica podtipa H9 i virusom zaraznog bronhitisa na farmama tovnih pilića

Although H9N2 AIV (Avian Influenza Virus) is pathotyped as a low pathogenic avian influenza virus, our extensive field experiences over the last decade show serious disease and high mortality in broiler chicken associated with this subtype in many regions of Iran. One of the possible explanations for such high mortality and great economic losses could be mixed infection with other respiratory pathogens such as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). This investigation was conducted to study the natural co-infections of H9N2 AIV and infectious bronchitis viruses in broiler chicken flocks in Fars province, Iran. Tracheal samples were taken from chickens in 30 closely monitored broiler flocks suffering from respiratory disease with mortality higher than normal range. RT-PCR was performed using primers in order to detect the M protein and the H9 gene of avian influenza A. The multiplex nested RT-PCR was also performed to detect Massachusetts, 793B (4/91) and D274 serotypes of IBV in the samples. In this study, AIV and IBV were detected in 16 (53/3%) and 12 (40%) out of 30 flocks, respectively. The tracheal samples of 11 out of 12 flocks were positive for 4/91 strain of IBV and one for Massachusetts serotype. A mixed infection of AIV (H9 subtype) and IBV (4/91 serotype) was observed in four flocks with severe lesions and 20-30% mortality. The results of this study indicate the high occurrence of natural co-infection of AIV and IBV in Iranian broiler chicken farms showing respiratory signs and they show that the mortality rate in co-infected flocks was significantly higher than others (P<0.05).Premda podtip H9N2 virusa influence ptica (VIP) po patotipu pripada slabo patogenom virusu influence ptica, terenska iskustva posljednjih desetak godina pokazala su da je pojava teške bolesti i velikog pomora tovnih pilića u mnogim dijelovima Irana vezana uz taj podtip. Jedno od mogućih objašnjenja za tako visok pomor i velike gospodarske gubitke mogla bi biti mješovita zaraza s ostalim uzročnicima dišnih bolesti kao što je virus zaraznog bronhitisa (VZB). Ovo istraživanje poduzeto je s ciljem proučavanja prirodne mješovite zaraze virusom influence ptica H9N2 i virusom zaraznog bronhitisa u tovnih pilića u pokrajini Fars u Iranu. Uzorci obriska dušnika bili su uzeti od pilića na 30 promatranih jata tovnih pilića u kojih je bila ustanovljena dišna bolest s pomorom većim od uobičajenog. Rabljen je RT-PCR s početnicama specifičnima za dokazivanje proteina M i gena za hemaglutinin H9 virusa influence ptica A. Višestruka ugniježđena RT-PCR rabljena je za dokaz serotipova Massachusetts, 793B (4/91) i D274 u pretraživanim uzorcima. VIP je bio dokazan u 16 (53/3%), a VZB u 12 (40%) od 30 pretraženih jata. Uzorci dušnika uzeti iz 11 od 12 jata bili su pozitivni za soj 4/91 VZB i jedan za serotip Massachusetts. Mješovita infekcija virusom influence ptica podtipom H9 i virusom zaraznog bronhitisa (serotip 4/91) bila je promatrana na četirima jatima ptica s teškim poremećajima i 20-30%-tnim pomorom. Rezultati ovog istraživanja govore o pojavi prirodne koinfekcije virusom influence ptica i virusom zaraznog bronhitisa u iranskih tovnih pilića koji su pokazivali dišne znakove te da je pomor u jatima s mješovitom zarazom bio značajno veći (P<0,05) nego u ostalim jatima

Comparison between different control strategies of a Z-source inverter based dynamic voltage restorer

In this paper, dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) compensation methods are compared to each other for the load side connected shunt converter topology of z-source inverter based DVR to choose the best method. Four different topologies are recognized for DVR that two of them have energy storage devices, and two topologies have no energy storage that take ener\-gy from the grid during the period of compensation. Here the load side connected shunt converter topology that takes necessary energy from the grid is used. Pre-sag compensation, in-phase compensation, energy-optimized methods are the three DVR compensation methods that studied and compared. A deep analysis through different diagrams would show the advantages or disadvantages of each compensation method. Equations for all methods are derived and the characteristics of algorithms are compared with each other. The simulation results done by SIMULINK/ MATLAB shows compensating by this topology based on the compensation methods

Evaluation of Mast Cell and Blood Vessel Density in Inflammatory Periapical Lesions

Introduction: Radicular cystsand periapical granulomas are the most common periapical inflammatory lesions. However, the role of cellular immunity and microvessels in their pathogenesis remains unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mast cell density (MCD), mircovessel density (MVD) and investigating the correlation between their densities with each other in the above mentioned lesions.Materials & Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 40 paraffin blocks of mentioned lesions were selected from achieves of School of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences. Three sections were prepared from each block and stained by hematoxylin-eosin, toluidine blue, and immunohistochemically for CD34 to determine the score of inflammation, presence of mast cells and degranulatedmast cells (DMCs), and MVD, respectively. The correlation between MCD and either inflammatory infiltrate or MVD was evaluated. Data analyzed by t student, Mann-Whitney and Spearman test.Results: Mast cells were present in all periapical inflammatory lesions; 15.4±14.8 for MCD, 7.2±6.1 for DMCs, and the ratio of DMCs to total number of MCs was 0.354±0.166 and 14.8+4.44 for blood vessel density in radicular cyst and 8.52±6.75, 2.91±2.1, 0.196±0.194 and 13±8.02 in periapical granulomas, respectively. There was a positive correlation between MCD and MVD in radicular cyst (P=0.03, r=0.341), but not in periapical granulomas (P=0.6, r=0.124). MCD and MVD increased with the score of inflammation in radicular cyst (P=0.001, r=0.7) and periapical granuloma (P=0.012, r=0.54).Conclusion: Mast cells and microvessels play a role in pathogenesis of periapical inflammatory lesions. In this study, the density of mast cells and DMCs in radicular cyst was higher than periapical granulomas, but no difference was observed regarding MVD in periapical inflammatory lesions. It seems that the relationship between MCD and MVD is different based on the clinical stage of periapical inflammatory lesions